THE RECORD
What changed
AlexNet advanced image recognition; teams led by Doudna and Charpentier published programmable CRISPR-Cas9 cleavage.
EVIDENCE
What remains
Papers, code, benchmarks, experiments and patents document both fields.
WHY IT MATTERS
Why it matters
They rapidly moved pattern recognition and genome editing toward practical tools.
OPEN QUESTION
Where interpretation begins
2012 was a turning point, not a beginning; bias, surveillance, germline editing and access are central concerns.